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2025, Vol: 3, Issue: 1
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Original Research 


Performance Evaluation of a Hybrid Arithmetic Smell Agent Optimization Algorithm

Ndukwe Okpo Kalu, Omotayo Oshiga, Oghenewvogaga Oghorada, Jibril Abdullahi Bala.


Abstract
This paper proposes a novel hybrid optimization algorithm, termed Arithmetic Smell Agent Optimization (ASAO), which integrates the global search strengths of Smell Agent Optimization (SAO) with the local refinement capabilities of the Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (AOA). The hybridization aims to overcome common limitations such as premature convergence and poor local optima entrapment. ASAO dynamically tunes AOA parameters using SAO mechanisms, ensuring a balanced exploration–exploitation process. The algorithm was evaluated using a suite of 14 benchmark functions of varying complexity. Results show that ASAO consistently outperformed or matched both SAO and AOA in terms of convergence speed, solution accuracy, and stability. Specifically, ASAO achieved improved fitness values, reduced computational iterations, and smoother convergence profiles across multiple test cases. These findings confirm ASAO’s robustness, efficiency, and reliability in solving complex optimization problems, highlighting its potential for real-world engineering applications requiring dynamic, high-dimensional, and nonlinear solution strategies.

Key words: Arithmetic Smell Agent Optimization, Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm, Objective Function, Optimization, Smell Agent Optimization.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Kalu NO, Oshiga O, Oghorada O, Bala JA. Performance Evaluation of a Hybrid Arithmetic Smell Agent Optimization Algorithm. NJEAS. 2025; 3(1): 149-162. doi:10.5455/NJEAS.278361

Web Style

Kalu NO, Oshiga O, Oghorada O, Bala JA. Performance Evaluation of a Hybrid Arithmetic Smell Agent Optimization Algorithm. https://www.nilejeas.com/?mno=278361 [Access: June 27, 2026]. doi:10.5455/NJEAS.278361

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Kalu NO, Oshiga O, Oghorada O, Bala JA. Performance Evaluation of a Hybrid Arithmetic Smell Agent Optimization Algorithm. NJEAS. 2025; 3(1): 149-162. doi:10.5455/NJEAS.278361


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Kalu NO, Oshiga O, Oghorada O, Bala JA. Performance Evaluation of a Hybrid Arithmetic Smell Agent Optimization Algorithm. NJEAS. (2025), [cited June 27, 2026]; 3(1): 149-162. doi:10.5455/NJEAS.278361


Harvard Style

Kalu, N. O., Oshiga, . O., Oghorada, . O. & Bala, . J. A. (2025) Performance Evaluation of a Hybrid Arithmetic Smell Agent Optimization Algorithm. NJEAS, 3 (1), 149-162. doi:10.5455/NJEAS.278361


Turabian Style

Kalu, Ndukwe Okpo, Omotayo Oshiga, Oghenewvogaga Oghorada, and Jibril Abdullahi Bala. 2025. Performance Evaluation of a Hybrid Arithmetic Smell Agent Optimization Algorithm. Nile Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 3 (1), 149-162. doi:10.5455/NJEAS.278361


Chicago Style

Kalu, Ndukwe Okpo, Omotayo Oshiga, Oghenewvogaga Oghorada, and Jibril Abdullahi Bala. "Performance Evaluation of a Hybrid Arithmetic Smell Agent Optimization Algorithm." Nile Journal of Engineering and Applied Science 3 (2025), 149-162. doi:10.5455/NJEAS.278361


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Kalu, Ndukwe Okpo, Omotayo Oshiga, Oghenewvogaga Oghorada, and Jibril Abdullahi Bala. "Performance Evaluation of a Hybrid Arithmetic Smell Agent Optimization Algorithm." Nile Journal of Engineering and Applied Science 3.1 (2025), 149-162. Print. doi:10.5455/NJEAS.278361


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Kalu, N. O., Oshiga, . O., Oghorada, . O. & Bala, . J. A. (2025) Performance Evaluation of a Hybrid Arithmetic Smell Agent Optimization Algorithm. Nile Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 3 (1), 149-162. doi:10.5455/NJEAS.278361


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1. Prof. Abdulhameed Danjuma Mambo
   Editor-in-Chief
abdulhameed.mambo@nileuniversity.edu.ng
2. Dr. Adekunle Adeleke
    Associate Editor-in-Chief
    adekunle.adeleke@nileuniversity.edu.ng
3. Dr. Ifeyinwa Obianyo
Managing Editor
ifeyinwa.obianyo@nileuniversity.edu.ng